fwknop/README

This is the top-level directory for the fwknop project.

INTRODUCTION
============
fwknop implements an authorization scheme known as Single Packet Authorization
(SPA) for strong service concealment. SPA requires only a single packet which
is encrypted, non-replayable, and authenticated via an HMAC in order to
communicate desired access to a service that is hidden behind a firewall in a
default-drop filtering stance. The main application of SPA is to use a firewall
to drop all attempts to connect to services such as SSH in order to make the
exploitation of vulnerabilities (both 0-day and unpatched code) more difficult.
Any service that is concealed by SPA naturally cannot be scanned for with Nmap.
The fwknop project supports three different firewalls: iptables on Linux
systems, pf on OpenBSD, and ipfw on FreeBSD and Mac OS X.

SPA is essentially next generation Port Knocking (PK), but solves many of the
limitations exhibited by PK while retaining its core benefits. PK limitations
include a general difficulty in protecting against replay attacks, asymmetric
ciphers and HMAC schemes are not usually possible to reliably support, and it
is trivially easy to mount a DoS attack against a PK server just by spoofing an
additional packet into a PK sequence as it traverses the network (thereby
convincing the PK server that the client doesn’t know the proper sequence). All
of these limitation are solved by SPA. At the same time, SPA hides services
behind a default-drop firewall policy, acquires SPA data passively (usually via
libpcap or other means), and implements standard cryptographic operations for
SPA packet authentication and encryption/decryption.

SPA packets generated by fwknop leverage HMAC for authenticated encryption in
the encrypt-then-authenticate model. Although the usage of an HMAC is currently
optional (enabled via the --use-hmac command line switch), it is highly
recommended for three reasons: 1) without an HMAC, cryptographically strong
authentication is not possible with fwknop unless GnuPG is used, but even then
an HMAC should still be applied, 2) an HMAC applied after encryption protects
against cryptanalytic CBC-mode padding oracle attacks such as the Vaudenay
attack and related trickery (like the more recent "Lucky 13" attack against
SSL), and 3) the code required by the fwknopd daemon to verify an HMAC is much
more simplistic than the code required to decrypt an SPA packet, so an SPA
packet without a proper HMAC isn’t even sent through the decryption routines.
Reason 3) is why an HMAC should still be used even when SPA packets are
encrypted with GnuPG due to the fact that SPA data is not sent through libgpgme
functions unless the HMAC checks out first. GnuPG and libgpgme are relatively
complex bodies of code, and therefore limiting the ability of a potential
attacker to interact with this code through an HMAC operation helps to maintain
a stronger security stance. Generating an HMAC for SPA communications requires
a dedicated key in addition to the normal encryption key, and both can be
generated with the --key-gen option.

fwknop encrypts SPA packets either with the Rijndael block cipher or via GnuPG
and associated asymmetric cipher. If the symmetric encryption method is chosen,
then as usual the encryption key is shared between the client and server (see
the /etc/fwknop/access.conf file for details). The actual encryption key used
for Rijndael encryption is generated via the standard PBKDF1 key derivation
algorithm, and CBC mode is set. If the GnuPG method is chosen, then the
encryption keys are derived from GnuPG key rings.

A comprehensive tutorial on fwknop can be found here:

http://www.cipherdyne.org/fwknop/docs/fwknop-tutorial.html


LICENSE
=======
The fwknop project is released as open source software under the terms of the
GNU General Public License (GPL v2).  The latest release can be found at
http://www.cipherdyne.org/fwknop/


CURRENT STATE
=============
This README file describes the present state of the fwknop project as of the
2.5 release made in July, 2013.  At present, we have an implementation of the
Firewall Knock Operator library; `libfko', as well as the fwknop client and
server applications.  The library provides the API and back-end functionality
for managing the Single Packet Authorization (SPA) data that the other fwknop
components employ.  It also can be used by other programs that need SPA
functonality (see the `perl' directory for the FKO perl module as an example,
and there are python bindings as well in the 'python' directory).


UPGRADING
=========
If you are upgrading from an older version of fwknop (and this includes the
original perl implementation as well), then you will want to read the
following link to ensure a smooth transition to fwknop-2.5:

http://www.cipherdyne.org/fwknop/docs/fwknop-tutorial.html#backwards-compatibility


BUILDING fwknop
===============
This distribution uses GNU autoconf for setting up the build.  Please see
the `INSTALL' file for the general basics on using autoconf.

There are some "configure" options that are specific to fwknop.  They are
(extracted from ./configure --help):

  --disable-client        Do not build the fwknop client component. The
                          default is to build the client.
  --disable-server        Do not build the fwknop server component. The
                          default is to build the server.
  --with-gpgme            support for gpg encryption using libgpgme
                          [default=check]
  --with-gpgme-prefix=PFX prefix where GPGME is installed (optional)
  --with-gpg=/path/to/gpg Specify path to the gpg executable that gpgme will
                          use [default=check path]
  --with-iptables=/path/to/iptables
                          Specify path to the iptables executable
                          [default=check path]
  --with-ipfw=/path/to/ipfw
                          Specify path to the ipfw executable [default=check
                          path]
  --with-pf=/path/to/pfctl
                          Specify path to the pf executable [default=check
                          path]
  --with-ipf=/path/to/ipf Specify path to the ipf executable [default=check
                          path]


NOTE to those who may be migrating from the Perl version of fwknop
==================================================================
For those of you who are currently using the Perl version and plan to
migrate to this version, there are some things to be aware of:

    - Not all of the features and functionality of the Perl-based
      fwknop were ported to this implementation.  We felt it important
      to keep the C version as lean and lightweight as possible.  Most
      of the omitted feature/functions (like email alerts) can be
      accomplished through other means (i.e. use an external script
      to monitor log files and alert based on appropriate log messages).

    - There are some diffences in the fwknop configuration and access
      file directives and values.  Some of these are fairly subtle. You
      should pay careful attention to the documentation and comments in
      those files.


NOTE FOR DEVELOPERS
===================
If you are pulling this distribution from git, you should run the
"autogen.sh" script to generate the autoconf files. If you get errors about
missing directories or files, try running "autogen.sh" again.  After that
you can run the "autoreconf -i" when you want to regenerate the configuration.
If, for some reason, autoreconf does not work for you, the "autogen.sh"
script should suffice.

The fwknop and fwknopd man page nroff sources are included in their
respective directorys (client and server).  These nroff files are derived
from the asciidoc sources in the 'docs' directory.  See the README in docs
for details.